Researchers at Nagoya University in Japan used atomic-resolution secondary electron (SE) imaging to capture the atomic structure of the very top layer of materials to better understand the ...

it gains one electron to form a negative ion with a stable electronic configuration – a full outer shell. As we move down the column of Group 7 elements, their reactivity decreases. In each ...

These atoms are larger because they have more shells. The larger the atom, the further the outer electron is from the nucleus. The force of attraction between the nucleus and the electron is less ...