In fact, medieval Europe was no bastion of whiteness. The Iberian Peninsula was inhabited by Arabs. Sub-Saharan Africans regularly came to Europe to trade, explore or wage war. Excavations in London ...

In medieval Europe, the church and the state were closely ... They surveyed a domain torn by more than a half century of war, social unrest and the Reconquista, a protracted struggle against ...

Medieval Europe’s diverse regional cultures were balanced by a conscious attempt to create a unified view of the world that embraced religious and social ideals, Latin and vernacular literature, and ...