ION exchange resins, in the hydrogen form ... and attributes this to the poor contact attainable in the three-phase system ester–water–catalyst.

SYNTHETIC ion-exchange resins of the sulphonated polystyrene type consist essentially of a cross-linked hydrocarbon skeleton to which the functional groups (nuclear sulphonic acid residues ...

and immune system disruption. Traditional water treatment methods (carbon filtration, ion exchange resins, reverse osmosis) do not eliminate PFAS; instead, they transfer the contamination into ...