Hollow atoms are special atoms with multiple missing electrons in their inner shells, while their outer shells are still ...

The physics of the innermost shells of atoms is qualitatively different in several respect from that of outer electrons. For single deep holes, correlation effects are slight, while the effects of ...

Scientists have generated the shortest pulses of high-energy X-rays to date by using a powerful laser to stimulate inner shell electrons - the electrons closest to an atomic nucleus. These extremely ...

Understanding inner-shell X-ray lasing The inner-shell X-ray lasing process works much like optical lasing, but at much shorter wavelengths. It begins with a pulse of X-ray photons that excites the ...

Powerful X-ray pulses excite atoms’ tightly held inner-shell electrons that emit X-ray photons while returning to their original state.

Because inner-shell electrons are held very tightly, powerful X-ray pulses, like those from X-ray free-electron lasers (XFEL), are required to excite enough of them simultaneously to result in lasing.

White dashed lines are L-shell contours, which describe magnetic field lines; for example, an L-shell of 2 represents the magnetic field line that is 2 Earth radii away from the center of Earth at its ...

Cosmic pinball Investigating this further, the duo identified 45 surges of high-energy electrons in the inner radiation belts occurring in the decade between 1996 and 2006.

The inner shell electrons, called core electrons, are used for self-stabilization and do not interact with other atoms. On the other hand, the outer electrons, or valence electrons, define most of the ...

The distribution of outermost shell electrons, known as valence electrons, of organic molecules was experimentally observed for the first time by a team led by Nagoya University in Japan. As the ...