Nature has found an elegant solution to prevent this: Often, the transfer of electrons is coupled with the transfer of positively charged protons. This proton-coupled electron transfer (PCET), as ...

There are two possible mechanisms here: Either electrons and protons are transferred simultaneously ("concerted"), or the transfer occurs in stepwise fashion—that is to say, with electrons and ...

When the free electrons absorb heat energy, they move much faster. As they move through the metal, free electrons crash into metal ions. This process is very much faster than conduction caused by ...