A study conducted by researchers from the University of São Paulo sheds light on new discoveries about the mechanisms of oxidative phosphorylation in ATP production. Recent findings highlight the ...

Part of the complex also functions as an exchanger of sodium ions for protons. "This study made two important contributions. It identified a second fundamental function of complex I, and it ...

For years, scientists were baffled by a peculiar problem: why do platinum electrodes, usually stable, corrode so quickly in electrochemical devices? A collaboration between SLAC National Accelerator ...

Protons sit in the nuclei of all atoms, but they are not fundamental particles: They are made of three quarks held together by the strong nuclear force. The strength of this interaction is ...

People may take salt tablets to help replenish low levels of sodium in the body. They are available over the counter in health stores and online. This article looks at when people use salt tablets ...

Foods high in sodium may not always be so easy to spot. Even if you never reach for the salt shaker, you probably eat more sodium than you realize. More than 70% of the sodium in our diets comes from ...

The most crucial aspect was creating an extreme space radiation experimental environment. Space radiation comprises particles of varying energy levels, with protons making up 80–90% of the total ...