Hollow atoms are special atoms with multiple missing electrons in their inner shells, while their outer shells are still ...

The physics of the innermost shells of atoms is qualitatively different in several respect from that of outer electrons. For single deep holes, correlation effects are slight, while the effects of ...

Scientists have generated the shortest pulses of high-energy X-rays to date by using a powerful laser to stimulate inner shell electrons - the electrons closest to an atomic nucleus. These extremely ...

A team of physicists has created the shortest hard X-ray pulses ever recorded, revealing previously unseen lasing behaviors in inner-shell electrons. (Artist’s concept). Credit: SciTechDaily.com ...

Powerful X-ray pulses excite atoms’ tightly held inner-shell electrons that emit X-ray photons while returning to their original state.

"We have observed strong lasing phenomena in inner-shell X-ray lasing and been able to simulate and calculate how it evolves," says Uwe Bergmann, physics professor at UW–Madison, and senior author on ...

Because inner-shell electrons are held very tightly, powerful X-ray pulses, like those from X-ray free-electron lasers (XFEL), are required to excite enough of them simultaneously to result in lasing.

In contrast, electrons in the inner belt, which is located between about 1.1 and 2 Earth radii, have energies between 10 and a few hundred kilo-electronvolts (KeV). At the higher end of this energy ...

"Killer electrons" stashed in radiation belts around Earth could be dislodged by lightning to create a game of "cosmic pinball" that influences space weather around our planet.

The inner shell electrons, called core electrons, are used for self-stabilization and do not interact with other atoms. On the other hand, the outer electrons, or valence electrons, define most of the ...