Hollow atoms are special atoms with multiple missing electrons in their inner shells, while their outer shells are still fully or partially filled with electrons. Studying the production mechanisms, ...

Scientists have generated the shortest pulses of high-energy X-rays to date by using a powerful laser to stimulate inner shell electrons - the ...

Because inner-shell electrons are held very tightly, powerful X-ray pulses, like those from X-ray free-electron lasers (XFEL), are required to excite enough of them simultaneously to result in lasing.

In this study, the pulses were focused onto copper or manganese targets, with the XFEL’s energy tuned high enough to excite those metals’ tightly held innermost electrons. An initial pulse excited the ...

The precursors of heavy elements might arise in the plasma underbellies of swollen stars or in smoldering stellar corpses.

Understanding inner-shell X-ray lasing The inner-shell X-ray lasing process works much like optical lasing, but at much shorter wavelengths. It begins with a pulse of X-ray photons that excites the ...

Powerful X-ray pulses excite atoms’ tightly held inner-shell electrons that emit X-ray photons while returning to their original state.

The physics of the innermost shells of atoms is qualitatively different in several respect from that of outer electrons. For single deep holes, correlation effects are slight, while the effects of ...

Syllabus: The NTA has put the official JEE Main 2026 Syllabus online on their website: jeemain.nta.nic.in. If you're planning ...

The asymmetry of the inner shell, with a barrel-like structure tipped 45° to our line of sight, creates the owl-like appearance. Although this nebula is relatively bright at magnitude 9.9, it has ...