BAUMHOLDER, Germany – Participants from the Elisabeth-Stiftung Birkenfeld vocational training program visited U.S. Army Garrison Rheinland-Pfalz’ Smith Barracks June 30 for a real-world English language immersion experience.

While prior studies of language acquisition have focused on schools, we show the overwhelming influence of out-of-school learning. We identify the causal effect of subtitling in a difference-in-differences specification that compares English to math skills in European countries that do and do not use subtitles.

A certificate distribution ceremony for the Indigenous On-Campus Training (IOT) program was held successfully at the University of