By Gene Balas, CFA : In algebra class, you may remember that an equation of simply x = x cannot be solved, because any number can be substituted for.

We examine whether a positive feedback loop exists between spending money on others (i.e. prosocial spending) and happiness. Participants recalled a previous purchase made for either themselves or ...

This circular feedback loop can distort the true indicators of the economy; some are problematic, leading to recession concerns - but many metrics are actually quite favorable.