These color-creating structures likely developed as an important phenotype during the Cambrian explosion more than 500 million years ago, when organisms developed the first eyes and the ability to ...

Our earliest mammalian ancestors avoided the dominant dinosaurs by only coming out at night and having uniformly dark, grey-brown fur for camouflage.

Encoded within this DNA are the directions for traits as diverse as the color of ... within a particular cell, but within the organism as a whole. Beyond the ladder-like structure described ...

Chaperones also assist in the refolding of proteins in cells. Folded proteins are actually fragile structures, which can easily denature, or unfold. Although many thousands of bonds hold proteins ...

Our skin and mucous membranes are protected by epithelial cells. This barrier tissue performs its function thanks to specialized structures called junctions. They ensure cell cohesion and regulate ...