There are 20 amino acids that make up proteins and all have the same basic structure, differing only in the R-group or side chain they have. Amino acids are in an equilibrium between two acids with ...

This image illustrates the general structure of an amino acid.The central ... The nine essential amino acids are histidine, isoleucine, leucine, lysine, methionine, phenylalanine, threonine, ...

Just like the mechanical components in cars or computers, the molecules inside a cell can sometimes malfunction. When this happens during DNA replication, the result is an unpredictable change in ...